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Internet History

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, triggering US President Dwight Eisenhower to create the ARPA agency to regain the technological lead in the arms race. ARPA appointed J.C.R. Licklider to head the new IPTO organization with a mandate to further the research of the SAGE program and help protect the US against a space-based nuclear attack. Licklider evangelized within the IPTO about the potential benefits of a country-wide communications network, influencing his successors to hire Lawrence Roberts to implement his vision.

Roberts led development of the network, based on the new idea of packet switching discovered by Paul Baron at RAND, and a few years later by Donald Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory. A special computer called an Interface Message Processor was developed to realize the design, and the ARPANET went live in early October, 1969. The first communications were between Leonard Klein rock's research center at the University of California at Los Angeles, and Douglas Engelbart's center at the Stanford Research Institute.

The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the Network Control Program. In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol developed by Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, which quickly became the most widely used network protocol in the world.

In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the NSFNET. The NSFNET was soon connected to the CSNET, which linked Universities around North America, and then to the EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the NSF's enlightened management, and fueled by the popularity of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995.

The conceptual foundation for creation of the Internet was significantly developed by three individuals and a research conference, each of which changed the way we thought about technology by accurately predicting its future:

> Vannevar Bush wrote the first visionary description of the potential uses for information technology with his description of the "memex" automated library system.

> Norbert Wiener invented the field of Cybernetics, inspiring future researchers to focus on the use of technology to extend human capabilities.

> The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence conference crystallized the concept that technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first serious consideration of the consequences.

> Marshall McLuhan made the idea of a global village interconnected by an electronic nervous system part of our popular culture.

IP or Internet Protocol

Internet protocol is a "best effort" system, meaning that no packet of information sent over it is assured to reach its destination in the same condition it was sent. Often other protocols are used in tandem with the Internet protocol for data that for one reason or another must have extremely high fidelity. Internet protocol is the set of techniques used by many hosts for transmitting data over the Internet. The current version of the Internet protocol is IPv4, which provides a 32-bit address system. Every device connected to a network, be it a local area network (LAN) or the Internet, is given an Internet protocol number. This address is used to identify the device uniquely among all other devices connected to the extended network. The current version of the Internet protocol (IPv4) allows for in excess of four billion unique addresses. This number is reduced drastically, however, by the practice of webmasters taking addresses in large blocks, the bulk of which remain unused. There is a rather substantial movement to adopt a new version of the Internet protocol (IPv6), which would have two to the one-hundred twenty-eighth power of unique addresses. This number can be represented roughly by a three with thirty-nine zeroes after it.
The reason such a virtually unlimited set of Internet protocol addresses is desirable is because of the onset of small wireless devices. In the past it seemed that four billion addresses would be more than enough, but addresses were used only by computers at the time. In the future, it is conceivable that for every human being on earth there will be hundreds, if not thousands, of devices communicating via wireless networks, each needing its own address in the Internet protocol.

Most human users do not utilize IP addresses directly, instead using words to access the servers and computers they wish to visit. Inputted domain names are connected to their Internet protocol addresses through the domain name system (DNS), which keeps a record of all domain names and the IP address they are related to.

What is the Best Way to Search the Internet?

The internet is an amazing resource that provides quick access to all sorts of information. The amount of information, however, is so vast that being able to find what you are looking for is a daunting task. Search engines are the answer.
Perhaps the best tip to getting the most out of the internet, is to realize that it is there and to realize the breadth of information that is available. Before the rise of the internet, people were used to going on with their lives without plenty of relevant information. You would go to the movies without knowing where you could find parking, or you would have a discussion about India without knowing the population. Once you realize that there are answers to virtually any question you could possibly have, you can start thinking about the gaps in your knowledge and using the internet to fill them. You can start to focus on the things you don't know about a particular subject, and instead of proceeding with ignorance, you can learn and explore.
Wireless Internet Access

 Wireless Internet access, sometimes referred to as a “hot spot,” is a local area network (LAN) run by radio waves rather than wires. Wireless Internet access is broadcast from the central hub which is a hard-wired device that actually brings in the Internet connection. The hub, located at the main computer system or server, broadcasts Internet connectivity to clients, which is basically anyone within “hearing” range who is equipped with a wireless LAN card.


Dial-Up Internet Access

Dial-up Internet access is offered through a number of Internet service providers (ISPs). Most ISPs lease a set of telephone numbers, sometimes local, sometimes national, that dial into network pipelines that feed into the Internet. Subscribers to the ISP normally pay a monthly or yearly fee. For this fee, the subscriber can access the Internet any time of the day or night to cruise the World Wide Web, send and receive email, participate in IRC chat rooms and USENET newsgroups.
Dial-up Internet access is a type of Internet connectivity that operates through a standard telephone line. By running the telephone line to a modem device in the personal computer, and configuring the computer to dial a specific phone number, the computer is granted Internet access.
Before a person can subscribe to a dial-up service, he or she must have a computer and dial-up modem. A modem is an inexpensive component that fits into a free slot inside the computer. There are also external modems that sit alongside the computer, connected to the computer by a serial or alternate type cable. A telephone line feeds into the modem.
The modem is controlled by software in the computer; for example, the Network Connections utility that comes with Microsoft Windows operating systems. Here you can setup a profile for the ISP, which will tell the modem what phone number to call and how to communicate with the dial-up service. The ISP itself provides this information. Upon joining a dial-up service, the subscriber chooses a username and password. Once the modem calls the phone number and makes a connection, a "handshake" takes place in which information is exchanged between the computer modem and the remote server. The username and password is supplied by the modem. This grants the user access through the dial-up gateway to the Internet.
What is a DSL Modem?

 A DSL modem, also referred to as an asymmetric DSL (ADSL) modem, provides service that is similar, with the exception of speed, to that provided by a dial-up modem. However, there are some major differences in the setup and technological make up of DSL modems. For example, dial-up modems are frequently, though not always, installed inside computer terminals. By contrast, a DSL modem is typically external and connects to a computer via a USB or Ethernet port.
A digital subscriber line (DSL) modem is a type of modem used to connect a personal computer (PC) to the Internet. DSL modems can provide for fast Internet access, as they are designed for use with high-speed DSL connections. DSL connections are considered much faster than dial-up Internet connections. In addition to greater speed, DSL service allows the user to talk on the phone while simultaneously accessing the Internet.
DSL modems can be purchased from an abundance of electronic, computer, and department stores. They are also available online from a variety of companies, as well as private sellers. Often, they are sold with the required cables, power supply, and filters in one package. Filters included with a DSL modem are called low-pass filters. They are used to keep data signals from causing interference with regular phone calls.

Frequently, companies that provide DSL service offer DSL modems to their customers free of charge. Often, as a condition of receiving a free DSL modem, a customer must sign a contact agreeing to pay for the company’s Internet service for a particular amount of time. In other cases, the DSL modem is purchased directly from the service provider. Some companies offer the modems for rent.



What are Firewalls

 Firewalls can come in the form of hardware or software. Without getting into the complex details of how firewalls work, suffice it to say that function with a set of filters that are constantly monitoring traffic on the network. Whenever a packet of information triggers one of the filters, the firewall prevents it from passing through in the attempt to prevent damage. Of course, firewalls sometimes block wanted traffic, and through a continual process of refinement, the filters can be customized to improve their efficacy
Many computer users who access the internet via a broadband router, may already be benefiting from a firewall. The router itself may be configured to serve
as a firewall; any nefarious attacks from the network, are halted at the router thereby sparing any ill effects to the computer. Such a hardware firewall can be further bolstered with a secondary line of defense in the form
of a software firewall; you can never be too safe when using the internet!

What is a Local Area Network?

A local area network, or LAN, is a network of connected computers in a room, building, or set of buildings. Local area networks have been around since the beginning of computer use. A LAN is defined as a user network whereby data is sent at high rates between people located relatively close to each other. LANs do not usually make use of leased communication lines, but only means of communication that are provided by the installer of the network.
The Internet is a wide area network, or WAN, which is distinct from a LAN. In contrast to the term Internet, local area networks are often called intranets, though sometimes this term refers to a cluster of LANs associated with a particular company or organization but not connected to the larger Internet. A local area network uses a hub or router to connect computers together. The means of communication is the omnipresent Ethernet cable or wireless wi-fi technology. These technologies offer data transfer rates running between 10 to 10000 Mbit/s.Larger, more important LANs have redundant lines or other backup protocols. In networked computers, the most popular communication protocol is TCP/IP. Smaller LANs may be temporary and used between friends to play computer games over the network. Over a network, users can share files, view files, make changes to data on other computers if permitted, play movies or music on multiple computers at once, chat with instant messaging, send emails to each other, play games, and so on. All the advantages of the Internet apply, although they only include others on the LAN, and the data transfer rates are high.
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